Southern Flounder

Paralichthys lethostigma

About This Fish

The Southern Flounder is widespread along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts from North Carolina to northern Mexico. This predominantly marine species also enters freshwater streams and rivers, often over soft substrate. Like all flatfishes, Southern Flounders have both eyes on one side of their head. They differ from other flatfishes in the region by having their eyes on the left side of their head and a strongly arched lateral line.

Paralichthyidae >

Paralichthys

Alabama (AL)

Lower Alabama – 03150204, Lower Tombigbee – 03160203, Mobile Tensaw – 03160204, Mobile Bay – 03160205

Literature

Hu, E., R. Cuevas-Uribe, H. Yang, R. Sanderson, A.O. Gill, H. Daniels, and T.R. Tiersch. 2016. High-throughput cryopreservation of sperm from sex-reversed Southern Flounder, Paralichthys lethostigma. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society. 47(4):555-565. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jwas.12293

Alam, M.S., W.O. Watanabe, T.C. Rezek, A.R. Myers, P.M. Carroll, H.V. Daniels. 2015. Growth performance, survival and body composition of southern flounder Paralichthys lethostigma larvae fed different formulated microdiets. Aquaculture research. 46(8):1924-1936. https://uncw.edu/aquaculture/documents/2015_2_alam_et_al_aquares_1924_1936.pdf

Midway, S.R., T. Wagner, S.A. Arnott, P. Biondo, F. Martinez-Andrade, and T.F. Wadsworth. 2015. Spatial and temporal variability in growth of Southern Flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma). Fisheries Research. 167:323-332. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/5196/41ce5bea903e7f08a889855bd2cacf76fc28.pdf

Oberg, E.W., and L.A. Fuiman. 2015. Linking fatty acids in the diet and tissues to quality of larval southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 467:7-15. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022098115000568

Klesius, P.H., G.A. Lewbart, H.V. Daniels, and M. Jacob. 2014. Edwardsiella tarda and Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from diseased Southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma) are virulent to channel catfish and Nile tilapia. Journal of Coastal Life Medicine. 2(5):337-343. https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20143263369

Lusk, S.C., B.E. Watkins, A. Rhea, C.B. Dillman, E.J. Hilton. 2014. Occurrence of juvenile Paralichthys lethostigma (southern flounder) in tributaries of Chesapeake Bay. Southeastern naturalist. 13(3):515-522. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1863&context=vimsarticles

Midway, S.R., S.X. Cadrin, and F.S. Scharf. 2014. Southern Flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma) stock structure inferred from otolith shape analysis. Fishery Bulletin. 112(4). http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&profile=ehost&scope=site&authtype=crawler&jrnl=00900656&AN=98884854&h=ntQhNPDcP957skLRUCtcDWf1p8V%2FZDAGty4QKTbekjrNRjRh%2BzeUpEbEqCghHXTzWELmJJzXc%2Fyx9q6VGlVVgg%3D%3D&crl=c

an, W., J. Aizen, and P. Thomas. 2014. Membrane progestin receptor alpha mediates progestin-induced sperm hypermotility and increased fertilization success in southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma). General and comparative endocrinology. 200:18-26. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S001664801400046X

Froeschke, B.F., G.W. Stunz, M.M.R. Robillard, J. Williams, and J.T. Froeschke. 2013. A modeling and field approach to identify essential fish habitat for juvenile Bay Whiff (Citharichthys spilopterus) and Southern Flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma) within the Aransas Bay complex, TX. Estuaries and Coasts. 36(5):881-892. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12237-013-9600-9

Furey, N.B., M.A. Dance, and J.R. Rooker. 2013. Fine-scale movements and habitat use of juvenile southern flounder Paralichthys lethostigma in an estuarine seascape. Journal of Fish Biology. 82(5):1469-1483. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.708.6032&rep=rep1&type=pdf

Furey, N.B., and J.R. Rooker. 2013. Spatial and temporal shifts in suitable habitat of juvenile southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma). Journal of Sea Research. 76:161-169. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.708.6558&rep=rep1&type=pdf

Park, J., H.V. Daniels, and S.H. Cho. 2013. Nitrite toxicity and methemoglobin changes in southern flounder, Paralichthys lethostigma, in brackish water. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society. 44(5):726-734. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jwas.12064

Kaiser, J.B., C.K. Faulk, E.A. Williamson, and G. Joan Holt. 2012. Natural spawning and larviculture of southern flounder Paralichthys Lethostigma. World Aquaculture. 43(1):48. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/6e6e/852a2e4f89703fffddd86d237556ca717533.pdf

Montalvo, A.J., C.K. Faulk, and G.J. Holt. 2012. Sex determination in southern flounder, Paralichthys lethostigma, from the Texas Gulf Coast. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 432:186-190. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022098112002808

Picha, M.E., B. Shi, and P. Thomas. 2012. Dual role of IGF-II in oocyte maturation in southern flounder Paralichthys lethostigma: up-regulation of mPRα and resumption of meiosis. General and comparative endocrinology. 177(2):220-230. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016648012001566

de Buron, I., S.G. France, V.A. Connors, W.A. Roumillat, and L.C. Tsoi. 2011. Philometrids of the southern flounder Paralichthys lethostigma: a multidimensional approach to determine their diversity. Journal of Parasitology. 97(3):66-476. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Isaure_De_Buron/publication/51064364_Philometrids_of_the_Southern_Flounder_Paralichthys_lethostigma_A_Multidimensional_Approach_to_Determine_Their_Diversity/links/577d541d08aeaee3b27e395a.pdf

Froeschke, B.F., B. Sterba-Boatwright, and G.W. Stunz. 2011. Assessing southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma) long-term population trends in the northern Gulf of Mexico using time series analyses. Fisheries Research. 108(2-3):291-298. http://www.sportfishcenter.org/sites/default/files/2018-07/Assessing%20southern%20flounder%20%28Paralichthys%20lethostigma%29%20long-term%20population%20trends%20in%20the%20northern%20Gulf%20of%20Mexico%20using%20time%20series%20analyses.pdf

Tubbs, C., W. Tan, B. Shi, and P. Thomas. 2011. Identification of 17, 20β, 21-trihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20β-S) receptor binding and membrane progestin receptor alpha on southern flounder sperm (Paralichthys lethostigma) and their likely role in 20β-S stimulation of sperm hypermotility. General and comparative endocrinology. 170(3):629-639. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016648010004223

Wang, N., X. L. Wang, Z. X. Sha, Y.S. Tian, and S. L. Chen. 2011. Establishment, characterization and virus susceptibility of a kidney‐derived cell line from southern flounder, Paralichthys lethostigma Jordan & Gilbert. Journal of fish diseases. 34(1):81. http://www.ysfri.ac.cn/ylzzbcxxpt/pdf/60.pdf

De Buron, I., and W.A. Roumillat. 2010. Histopathology of two philometrid parasites of the southern flounder, Paralichthys lethostigma. Journal of wildlife diseases. 46(1):277-282. https://www.jwildlifedis.org/doi/pdf/10.7589/0090-3558-46.1.277

Drake, S.L., M.A. Drake, R. Sanderson, H.V. Daniels, and M.D. Yates. 2010. The effect of purging time on the sensory properties of aquacultured southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma). Journal of sensory studies. 25(2):246-259. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1745-459X.2009.00255.x

Smith, W.E., and F.S. Scharf. 2010. Demographic characteristics of southern flounder, Paralichthys lethostigma, harvested by an estuarine gillnet fishery. Fisheries Management and Ecology. 17(6):532-543. http://people.uncw.edu/scharff/publications/2010%20Fishery%20Mgmt%20&%20Ecol%20(Smith%20and%20Scharf).pdf

Taylor, J.C., J.M. Miller, L.J. Pietrafesa, D.A. Dickey, S.W. Ross. 2010. Winter winds and river discharge determine juvenile southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma) recruitment and distribution in North Carolina estuaries. Journal of Sea Research. 64(1-2):15-25. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1385110109001002

Yang, J., S. Chen, G. Xu, P. Su, Y. Tian, J. Zhai, and B. Li. 2010. Gynogenetic induction in southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma) by cryopreserved sperm of Lateolabrax japonicas. Journal of Fisheries of China. 34(8):1174-1181. https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20103350802

Alam, M.S., W.O. Watanabe, and H.V. Daniels. 2009. Effect of different dietary protein and lipid levels on growth performance and body composition of juvenile southern flounder, Paralichthys lethostigma, reared in a recirculating aquaculture system. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society. 40(4):513-521. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1749-7345.2009.00274.x

Faulk, C.K., and G.J. Holt. 2009. Early weaning of southern flounder, Paralichthys lethostigma, larvae and ontogeny of selected digestive enzymes. Aquaculture. 296(3-4):213-218. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0044848609006784

Nañez-James, S.E., G.W. Stunz, and S.A. Holt. 2009. Habitat use patterns of newly settled southern flounder, Paralichthys lethostigma, in Aransas–Copano Bay, Texas. Estuaries and Coasts. 32(2):350-359. http://www.fisheries.tamucc.edu/publication_files/Nanez%20James%20et%20al%202009.pdf

Meng-zhong, G.O.N.G. 2009. Preliminary Study on Crossbreeding of Male Paralichthys dentatus and Female Paralichthys lethostigma [J]. Journal of Fujian Fisheries. 1. http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTotal-FJSC200901020.htm

Francis Jr, A. W., and R.G. Turingan. 2008. Morphological and biomechanical changes of the feeding apparatus in developing southern flounder, Paralichthys lethostigma. Journal of morphology. 269(10):1169-1180. http://www.academia.edu/download/1997180/Francis_Jr._2008_J_Morphol-1.pdf

Glass, L.A., J.R. Rooker, R.T. Kraus, and G.J. Holt. 2008. Distribution, condition, and growth of newly settled southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma) in the Galveston Bay Estuary, TX. Journal of Sea Research. 59(4):259-268. https://oaktrust.library.tamu.edu/bitstream/handle/1969.1/3814/etd-tamu-2006A-WFSC-Glass.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

Ma, X.K., X.Z. Liu, H. Wen, and L. Zhang. 2008. Embryonic and larval development in southern flounder Paralichthys lethostigma. South China Fisheries Science. 4(1):41-47. http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTotal-NFSC200801009.htm

Shao, C.W., X. Liao, and S.L. Chen. 2008. PERMANENT GENETIC RESOURCES: Isolation and characterization of microsatellite DNA loci from the southern flounder, Paralichthys lethostigma. Molecular ecology resources. 8(2):381-383. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1471-8286.2007.01965.x

Tipsmark, C.K., J.A. Luckenbach, S.S. Madsen, P. Kiilerich, and R.J. Borski. 2008. Osmoregulation and expression of ion transport proteins and putative claudins in the gill of southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology. 150(3):265-273. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Vassilis_Aschonitis/post/Looking_for_published_data_of_biological_processes_as_a_function_of_tempereture_or_light_or_any_other_abiotic_parameter_for_testing_new_curves2/attachment/59d61fa76cda7b8083a18ec8/AS%3A273619001774083%401442247262020/download/1-s2.0-S0022098108000324-main.pdf

Luckenbach, J.A., R. Murashige, H.V. Daniels, J. Godwin, and R.J. Borski. 2007. Temperature affects insulin-like growth factor I and growth of juvenile southern flounder, Paralichthys lethostigma. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology. 146(1):95-104. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S109564330600434X

Ren, G.C., S.L. Chen, and Z.X. Sha. 2007. Development and characterization of a continuous embryonic cell line from southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma). Journal of Fishery Sciences of China. 14(4):579-583. http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTotal-ZSCK200704007.htm

Drake, S.L., M.A. Drake, H.V. Daniels, and M.D. Yates. 2006. Sensory properties of wild and aquacultured southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma). Journal of sensory studies. 21(2):218-227. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1745-459X.2006.00062.x

González, S., G.J. Flick, S.F. O'keefe, S.E. Duncan, E. McLean, S.R. Craig. 2006. Chemical, physical and sensorial differences in farmed southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma) fed commercial or crab meal-supplemented diets. Journal of Aquatic Food Product Technology. 15(3):69-79. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1300/J030v15n03_06

Moravec, F., and I. de Buron. 2006. Two new species of philometrid nematodes (Nematoda: Philometridae) from the southern flounder Paralichthys lethostigma in the estuaries of South Carolina, USA. Folia Parasitologica. 53(2):139. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.929.7672&rep=rep1&type=pdf

Morgan, A.J., R. Murashige, C.A. Woolridge, J.A. Luckenbach, W.O. Watanabe, R.J. Borski, J. Godwin, and H.V. Daniels. 2006. Effective UV dose and pressure shock for induction of meiotic gynogenesis in southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma) using black sea bass (Centropristis striata) sperm. Aquaculture. 259(1-4):290-299. https://uncw.edu/aquaculture/documents/2006_2_morgan_et_al_aquacult_290_299.pdf

Wilcox, J.A., P.L. Tracy, and N.H. Marcus. 2006. Improving live feeds: effect of a mixed diet of copepod nauplii (Acartia tonsa) and rotifers on the survival and growth of first-feeding larvae of the southern flounder, Paralichthys lethostigma. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society. 37(1):113-120. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1749-7345.2006.00014.x

Gao, Y., J. Lv, Q. Lin, and L. Li. 2005. Effect of protein levels on growth, feed utilization, nitrogen and energy budget in juvenile southern flounder, Paralichthys lethostigma. Aquaculture Nutrition. 11(6):427-433. http://www.paper.edu.cn/scholar/showpdf/NUz2IN5IOTD0YxeQh

Gonzalez, S., S.R. Craig, E. McLean, M.H. Schwarz, and G.J. Flick. 2005. Dietary protein requirement of southern flounder, Paralichthys lethostigma. Journal of Applied Aquaculture. 17(3):37-50. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1300/J028v17n03_03

Luckenbach, J.A., L.W. Early, A.H. Rowe, R.J. Borski, H.V. Daniels, and J. Godwin. 2005. Aromatase cytochrome P450: cloning, intron variation, and ontogeny of gene expression in southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma). Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A: Comparative Experimental Biology. 303(8):643-656. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jez.a.198

Fischer, A.J., and B.A. Thompson. 2004. The age and growth of southern flounder, Paralichthys lethostigma, from Louisiana estuarine and offshore waters. Bulletin of Marine Science. 75(1):63-77. https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/umrsmas/bullmar/2004/00000075/00000001/art00006

Moustakas, C.T., W.O. Watanabe, and K.A. Copeland. 2004. Combined effects of photoperiod and salinity on growth, survival, and osmoregulatory ability of larval southern flounder Paralichthys lethostigma. Aquaculture. 229(1-4):159-179. http://www.academia.edu/download/43871033/Combined_effects_of_photoperiod_and_sali20160318-4669-a6er7t.pdf

Henne, J.P., and W.O. Watanabe. 2003. Effects of light intensity and salinity on growth, survival, and whole-body osmolality of larval southern flounder Paralichthys lethostigma. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society. 34(4):450-465. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1749-7345.2003.tb00084.x

Luckenbach, J.A., J. Godwin, H.V. Daniels, and R.J. Borski. 2003. Gonadal differentiation and effects of temperature on sex determination in southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma). Aquaculture. 216(1-4):315-327. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/667f/dc061b8d20c819148161b8be6840ff95a71d.pdf

Ramirez, R.F., and B.A. Dixon. 2003. Enzyme production by obligate intestinal anaerobic bacteria isolated from oscars (Astronotus ocellatus), angelfish (Pterophyllum scalare) and southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma). Aquaculture. 227(1-4):417-426. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0044848603005209

Benetti, D.D., S.W. Grabe, M.W. Feeley, O.M. Stevens, T.M. Powell, A.J. Leingang, and K.L. Main. 2001. Development of aquaculture methods for southern flounder, Paralichthys lethostigma: I. Spawning and larval culture. Journal of Applied Aquaculture. 11(1-2):113-133. http://www.academia.edu/download/47869137/Flounder_Spawning_Larval_Rearing_JAA_Benetti_et_al._2001.pdf

Benetti, D.D., A.J. Leingang, R. Russo, T.M. Powell, D. Cleary, S.W. Grabe, M.W. Feeley, O.M. Stevens, and K.L. Main. 2001. Development of aquaculture methods for southern flounder, Paralichthys lethostigma: II. Nursery and grow-out. Journal of Applied Aquaculture. 11(1-2):135-146. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1300/J028v11n01_10

Blandon, I.R., R. Ward, T.L. King, W.J. Karel, and J.P. Monaghan. 2001. Preliminary genetic population structure of southern flounder, Paralichthys lethostigma, along the Atlantic Coast and Gulf of Mexico. Fishery bulletin-national oceanic and atmospheric administration. 99(4):671-678. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Rocky_Ward/publication/297940504_Preliminary_genetic_population_structure_of_southern_flounder_Paralichthys_lethostigma_along_the_Atlantic_Coast_and_Gulf_of_Mexico/links/55c88ea008aebc967df8e6fa/Preliminary-genetic-population-structure-of-southern-flounder-Paralichthys-lethostigma-along-the-Atlantic-Coast-and-Gulf-of-Mexico.pdf

Taylor, J.C., and J.M. Miller. 2001. Physiological performance of juvenile southern flounder, Paralichthys lethostigma (Jordan and Gilbert, 1884), in chronic and episodic hypoxia. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 258(2):195-214. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022098101002155

Tuckey, L.M., and T.I. Smith. 2001. Effects of photoperiod and substrate on larval development and substrate preference of juvenile southern flounder, Paralichthys lethostigma. Journal of Applied Aquaculture. 11(1-2):1-20. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1300/J028v11n01_02

van Maaren, C.C., and H.V. Daniels. 2001. Effects of temperature on egg hatch, larval growth and metamorphosis for hatchery-cultured southern flounder, Paralichthys lethostigma. Journal of Applied Aquaculture. 11(1-2):21-33. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1300/J028v11n01_03

Watanabe, W.O., P.R.M. Carroll. 2001. Progress in controlled breeding of summer flounder, Paralichthys dentatus, and southern flounder, P. lethostigma. Journal of Applied Aquaculture. 11(1-2):89-111. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1300/J028v11n01_08

Watanabe, W.O., P.M. Carroll, H.V. Daniels, and Daniels, H. V. 2001. Sustained, natural spawning of southern flounder Paralichthys lethostigma under an extended photothermal regime. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society. 32(2):153-166. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1749-7345.2001.tb01090.x

Smith, T.I., and M.R. Denson. 2000. Controlled spawning of southern flounder Paralichthys lethostigma: Issues and progress. Proceedings of the Twenty-Eight US-Japan Natural Resources, Technical Report. 28:97-108. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Michael_Denson/publication/237299235_Controlled_spawning_of_Southern_flounder_Paralichthys_lethostigma_Issues_and_progress/links/00b49539f6454e7d78000000/Controlled-spawning-of-Southern-flounder-Paralichthys-lethostigma-Issues-and-progress.pdf

Taylor, W.E., J.R. Tomasso Jr, C.J. Kempton, and T.I. Smith. 2000. Low-Temperature Tolerance of Southern Flounder Paralichthys lethostigma: Effect of Salinity. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society. 31(1):69-72. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1749-7345.2000.tb00699.x

van Maaren, C.C., and H.V. Daniels. 2000. A practical guide to the morphological development of southern flounder, Paralichthys lethostigma from hatch through metamorphosis. Journal of Applied Aquaculture. 10(2):1-9. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1300/J028v10n02_01

Blaylock, R.B., and R.M. Overstreet. 1999. Margolisianum bulbosum n. gen., n. sp.(Nematoda: Philometridae) from the southern flounder, Paralichthys lethostigma (Pisces: Bothidae), in Mississippi Sound, USA. The Journal of parasitology. 306-312. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1454&context=parasitologyfacpubs

Jenkins, W.E., and T.I. Smith. 1999. Pond nursery production of southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma) and weaning to commercial diets. Aquaculture. 176(1-2):173-180. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0044848699000599

Smith, T.I., M.R. Denson, L.D. Heyward Sr, W.E. Jenkins, and L.M. Carter. 1999. Salinity effects on early life stages of southern flounder Paralichthys lethostigma. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society. 30(2):236-244. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1749-7345.1999.tb00870.x

Smith, T.I., D.C. McVey, W.E. Jenkins, M.R. Denson, L.D. Heyward, C.V. Sullivan, and D.L. Berlinsky. 1999. Broodstock management and spawning of southern flounder, Paralichthys lethostigma. Aquaculture. 176(1-2):87-99. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0044848699000538

Safrit Jr., G.W., and F.J. Schwartz. 1998. Age and growth, weight, and gonadosomatic indices for female southern flounder, Paralichthys lethostigma, from Onslow Bay, North Carolina. Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society. 137-148. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24335477

Denson, M.R., and T.I. Smith. 1997. Diet and light intensity effects on survival, growth and pigmentation of southern flounder Paralichthys lethostigma. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society. 28(4):366-373. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1749-7345.1997.tb00283.x

Berlinsky, D.L., V.W. King, T.I. Smith, R.D. Hamilton, J. Holloway Jr, and C.V. Sullivan. 1996. Induced ovulation of southern flounder Paralichthys lethostigma using gonadotropin releasing hormone analogue implants. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society. 27(2):143-152. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1749-7345.1996.tb00263.x

Daniels, H.V., D.L. Berlinsky, R.G. Hodson, and C.V. Sullivan. 1996. Effects of stocking density, salinity, and light intensity on growth and survival of southern flounder Paralichthys lethostigma larvae. Journal of the World aquaculture society. 27(2):153-159. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Craig_Sullivan/publication/230006664_Effects_of_Stocking_Density_Salinity_and_Light_Intensity_on_Growth_and_Survival_of_Southern_Flounder_Paralichthys_lethostigma_Larvae/links/5c6bd35e92851c1c9deadbfb/Effects-of-Stocking-Density-Salinity-and-Light-Intensity-on-Growth-and-Survival-of-Southern-Flounder-Paralichthys-lethostigma-Larvae.pdf

Fitzhugh, G.R., L.B. Crowder, and J.P. Monaghan, Jr. 1996. Mechanisms contributing to variable growth in juvenile southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 53(9):1964-1973. https://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/pdf/10.1139/f96-125

Guindon, K.Y., and J.M. Miller. 1995. Growth potential of juvenile southern flounder, Paralichthys lethostigma, in low salinity nursery areas of Pamlico Sound, North Carolina, USA. Netherlands Journal of Sea Research. 34(1-3):89-100. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0077757995900179

Kamermans, P., K.Y. Guindon, and J.M. Miller. 1995. Importance of food availability for growth of juvenile southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma) in the Pamlico River estuary, North Carolina, USA. Netherlands Journal of Sea Research. 34(1-3):101-109. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0077757995900187

Burke, J.S., J.M. Miller, and D.E. Hoss. 1991. Immigration and settlement pattern of Paralichthys dentatus and P. lethostigma in an estuarine nursery ground, North Carolina, USA. Netherlands Journal of Sea Research. 27(3-4):393-405. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/007775799190041X

Miller, D.S., and J.B. Pritchard. 1991. Indirect coupling of organic anion secretion to sodium in teleost (Paralichthys lethostigma) renal tubules. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 261(6):R1470-R1477. https://www.physiology.org/doi/abs/10.1152/ajpregu.1991.261.6.r1470

Little, P.J., M.O. James, J.B. Pritchard, and J.R. Bend. 1984. Benzo (a) pyrene metabolism in hepatic microsomes from feral and 3-methycholanthrene-treated southern flounder, Paralichthys lethostigma. Journal of environmental pathology, toxicology and oncology: official organ of the International Society for Environmental Toxicology and Cancer. 5(4-5):309-320. https://europepmc.org/abstract/med/6520733

Tucker Jr, J.W., and A.J. Chester. 1984. Effects of salinity, formalin concentration and buffer on quality of preservation of southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma) larvae. Copeia. 981-988. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1445343

Powell, A.B., and F.J. Schwartz. 1979. Food of Paralichthys dentatus and P. lethostigma (Pisces: Bothidae) in North Carolina estuaries. Estuaries. 2(4):276-279. https://link.springer.com/article/10.2307/1351576

Overstreet, R.M., and R.H. Edwards. 1976. Mesenchymal tumors of some estuarine fishes of the northern Gulf of Mexico. II. Subcutaneous fibromas in the southern flounder, Paralichthys lethostigma, and the sea catfish, Arius felis. Bulletin of Marine Science. 26(1):41-48. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Robin_Overstreet/publication/233501953_Mesenchymal_Tumors_of_Some_Estuarine_Fishes_of_the_Northern_Gulf_of_Mexico_II_Subcutaneous_Fibromas_in_the_Southern_Flounder_Paralichthys_Lethostigma_and_the_Sea_Catfish_Arius_Felis/links/548603100cf289302e2c03e0.pdf

Powell, A.B., and F.J. Schwartz. 1972. Anomalies of the genus Paralichthys (pisces, Bothidae), including an unusual double-tailed southern flounder, Paralichthys lethostigma. Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society. 155-161.

Wood, C.M., and D.J. Randall. 1971. The effect of anaemia on ion exchange in the southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology. 39(3):391-402. https://www.zoology.ubc.ca/~woodcm/Woodblog/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Wood-and-Randall-1971.pdf

Hickman Jr, C.P. 1968. Glomerular filtration and urine flow in the euryhaline southern flounder, Paralichthys lethostigma, in seawater. Canadian Journal of Zoology. 46(3):427-437. https://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/z68-061

Hickman Jr, C.P. 1968. Urine composition and kidney tubular function in southern flounder, Paralichthys lethostigma, in sea water. Canadian journal of zoology. 46(3):439-455. https://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/z68-062

Hickman Jr, C.P. 1968. Ingestion, intestinal absorption, and elimination of seawater and salts in the southern flounder, Paralichthys lethostigma. Canadian journal of zoology. 46(3):457-466. https://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/z68-063

Deubler Jr, E.E., and G.S. Posner. 1963. Response of postlarval flounders, Paralicthys lethostigma, to water of low oxygen concentrations. Copeia. 312-317. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1441349

Southern Flounder

Literature

IMPORTANT LINKS